1. Abstract
Present tense: Highlights gaps, aims, and objectives.
Example: “This study examines the effects of climate change on agriculture.”
Past tense: Summarizes methodology and results.
Example: “The data were collected using satellite imagery.”
2. Introduction
Present tense: For known facts and current research.
Example: “Climate change is a critical global challenge.”
Past tense: Describes past work.
Example: “Previous studies explored its impact on rainfall patterns.”
Tip: Use active voice for clarity!
3. Literature Review
Present tense: Discuss current knowledge.
Example: “Recent studies emphasize the role of AI in healthcare.”
Past tense: Refer to completed findings.
Example: “Shoukat et al. (2021) identified limitations.”
4. Methodology
Present passive: Describes standard procedures.
Example: “Data collection is performed using surveys.”
Past passive: Details specific actions you took.
Example: “The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction.”
4. Results and Discussion
Present tense: Explains trends and significance.
Example: “The results indicate a strong correlation.”
Past tense: Details observations.
Example: “The experiments showed a 20% increase in efficiency.”
5. Conclusion
Past tense: Summarizes findings.
Example: “The study revealed significant regional variations.”
Future tense: Suggests next steps.
Example: “Future studies will explore adaptive strategies.”
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